Musiyano uripo pakati peKupatsanurwa kwezvikamu, Hydrogenation uye Esterification yemafuta nemafuta.
Kupatsanura, hydrogenation, uye esterification matekinoroji matatu akakosha ekuchinja hunhu hwemuviri nehwemakemikari hwemafuta nemafuta kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana zveindasitiri yechikafu. Musiyano mukuru pakati pazvo uri mumisimboti yakasiyana yavanoshandisa kugadzirisa hunhu hwemafuta nemafuta. Pazasi, tinoratidza kuenzanisa kwakajeka kwemisiyano yavo kuburikidza netafura uye tsananguro dzakadzama.
Pfupiso yeMusiyano Mukuru
| Pfuma | Kupatsanurana | Kuwedzerwa kwehydrogenation | Kugadziriswa kwechiedza |
| Zvisikwa | Kuchinja kwemuviri | Kuchinja kwemakemikari | Kuchinja kwemakemikari |
| Nheyo | Kupatsanurwa kwakavakirwa pakusiyana kwenzvimbo dzekunyunguduka kwetriglycerides dzakasiyana-siyana kuburikidza nekutonhodza, kugadzira makristaro, uye kusefa. | Kuwedzera hydrogen kune zvisungo zviviri zveunsaturated fatty acids pasi pekushanda kwe catalyst. | Kurongazve mafuta acids pamusana weglycerol zvisina tsarukano kana zvakananga pasi pechiito che catalyst kana enzyme. |
| Chinangwa | Kuparadzanisa mafuta kuita zvikamu zvinonyunguduka zvakanyanya (stearin) uye zvinonyunguduka zvishoma (olein). | Kuwedzera pokunyunguduka kwemafuta kuti ashandurwe kubva pakuva emvura kuita semi-solid kana solid states; kuwedzera kugadzikana kweoxidative. | Kuchinja hunhu hwekristaro uye purasitiki yemafuta pasina kuchinja chimiro chemafuta acid. |
| Mhedzisiro paFatty Acids | Hapana shanduko muchimiro chemakemikari emafuta acids. | Kuchinja kwechimiro chemakemikari emafatty acids: unsaturated fatty acids → saturated fatty acids; zvinogona kugadzira trans fatty acids. | Hapana shanduko muchimiro chemakemikari emafuta ega ega, asi shanduko mukupararira kwawo pamusana weglycerol. |
| Hunhu hweChigadzirwa | Wana zvinhu zviviri kana kupfuura zvine hunhu hwakasiyana (semuenzaniso, palm olein uye palm stearin kubva mumafuta emuchindwe). | Wana mafuta ane hydrogenated ane magadzirirwo akaomarara uye akasimba zviri nani. | Wana mafuta ane macurves matsva ekunyunguduka uye magadzirirwo, akadai semargarine isina mafuta uye shortening. |
| Mufananidzo Uri Nyore | Kufanana nekusiya mafuta panze munguva yechando, kuparadzanisa mafuta emvura kubva kuchikamu chakaoma. | Kufanana nekusimbisa mamorekuru asina kugadzikana kuti aite kuti ave "akasimba" uye "akasimba". | Sokusanganisa makadhi (mafuta acids) kuti uwane ruoko rutsva (mafuta matsva). |
Tsananguro Yakadzama
1. Kupatsanurana
• Pfungwa huru: Kuparadzana, kwete kuchinja.
• Maitiro: Pisa mafuta zvishoma nezvishoma kuti anyunguduke, wozoatonhodza zvishoma nezvishoma patembiricha yakatarwa. Ma triglycerides ane nzvimbo dzakanyanya kunyunguduka anotanga kuumba zvidimbu zvakasimba. Makristaro aya akaomarara (stearin) anogona kuparadzaniswa nemafuta asina kunyunguduka (olein) kuburikidza nekusefa kana kutenderera.
• Mienzaniso yekushandisa:
o Kupatsanura mafuta emuchindwe: Uku ndiko kushandiswa kwakajairika kwetekinoroji yekupatsanura. Mafuta emuchindwe anogona kupatsanurwa kuti pave nemafuta emuchindwe (anoshandiswa mumafuta ekubikisa, mafuta ekukangwa) uye mafuta emuchindwe (anoshandiswa mumafuta emargarine, mafuta ekupfupisa, uye mafuta ekubika).
o Kupatsanura bota: Kunoburitsa mafuta ebota akachena, anoshandiswa kugadzira makeke emhando yepamusoro.
• Zvakanakira: Maitiro chaiwo emuviri, hapana shanduko dzemakemikari dzakaunzwa, hapana ma reagents emakemikari, uye chigadzirwa chacho ndechechisikigo.
2. Kuwedzerwa kwehydrogen
• Pfungwa huru: Wedzera hydrogen kuti mafuta ave "akaoma" uye "akasimba".
• Maitiro: Kana tembiricha yakakwira, kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, uye kana paine chinhu chinobatsira simbi (kazhinji nickel), gasi rehydrogen rinopfuudzwa mumafuta emvura. Hydrogen inowedzera mabhondi maviri mumaketani emafuta asina kuguta, zvichideredza kana kubvisa mabhondi maviri.
o Kuisa hydrogenation muzvikamu: Mabhondi maviri haana kuzara zvakakwana, uye huwandu hwakawanda hwemafuta e-trans hunogadzirwa panguva iyi. Nekuda kwenjodzi dzehutano dzemafuta e-trans, yakarambidzwa munyika dzakawanda nenzvimbo.
o Kusanganiswa kwehydrogenation yakakwana: Mabhondi maviri anenge akazara zvakakwana, achinyanya kugadzira mafuta akazara (stearic acid), asina kana trans fatty acids. Mafuta akazara nehydrogenation akaomarara uye anopwanyika, uye anowanzo fanira kusanganiswa nemafuta emvura kana kugadziriswa kuburikidza nekuchinjana ester kuti achinje hunhu hwawo.
• Mienzaniso yekushandisa:
o Kugadzira mashortening nemargarine: Shandura mafuta e soya, mafuta embeu yerape, nezvimwewo kuita sematted form yekubheka nekuparadzira.
o Kuvandudza kugadzikana kwemafuta: Wedzera nguva yekushanda kwemafuta ekukangwa nechikafu chine mafuta.
• Zvakashata: Inogadzira mafuta anokuvadza e-trans (hydrogenation) uye inorasikirwa nemafuta anokosha.
3. Ester Exchange
• Pfungwa huru: "Kuchinja-chinja", kuchinja chimiro che triglycerides.
• Maitiro: Pasi pekushanda kwemakemikari anokonzera (akadai se sodium methoxide) kana lipase, mafuta acid glycerides ari mumamorekuru emafuta "anoparadzaniswa", uye mafuta acids anosanganiswa zvisina kurongeka kana kuti zvakananga kumusana weglycerol kuti aumbe mamorekuru matsva etriglyceride.
o Kuchinjana kwema ester zvisina kurongeka: Mafuta acids anorongwazve zvisina kurongeka pakati pemamorekuru ese.
o Kuchinjana kwe ester kwakanangana: Mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo (akadai sekupisa kwakadzorwa), maitiro ekugadziriswazve akananga kudivi raunoda.
• Mienzaniso yekushandisa:
o Kugadzira trans-fat-free shortening uye margarine: Uku ndiko kushandiswa kwakakosha kwemazuva ano kwekuchinjana ester. Nekuita kuchinjana ester pakati pe fully hydrogenated stearin (isina trans acids) ne liquid oil, mafuta epurasitiki ane magadzirirwo akakodzera uye asina trans fatty acids anogona kuwanikwa.
o Kuvandudza kushanda kwezvinotsiva cocoa butter.
o Kuchinja chimiro chekristaro chemafuta enguruve nebhota kuti zvivandudze mashandiro azvo pakubika.
• Zvakanakira: Inogona kuchinja zvakanyanya hunhu hwemafuta pasina kugadzira mafuta e-trans, zvichiita kuti ive imwe nzira yakakosha pane tekinoroji yehydrogenation isina chikamu.
Kana uchida kupatsanura oiri kuita zvikamu zvine nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekunyunguduka, shandisa fractionation. Kana uchida kuita kuti oiri yemvura iome uye igare yakasimba, hydrogenation inoshandiswa netsika, asi ziva nyaya ye trans fatty acids. Kana uchida kugadzirisa kuomarara, magadzirirwo uye plasticity yeoiri usingashandise hydrogenation, iyo inogona kugadzira trans fatty acids, saka transesterification ndiyo sarudzo yakanakisisa. Muindasitiri yemafuta yemazuva ano, nzira idzi nhatu dzinowanzo batanidzwa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zveoiri zvinoshanda zvinosangana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana.
Nguva yekutumira: Gumiguru-14-2025